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Guanylyl cyclase
Guanylyl cyclase (, also known as guanyl cyclase, guanylate cyclase, or GC) is a lyase enzyme. Guanylyl cyclase is often part of the G protein signaling cascade that is activated by low intracellular calcium levels and inhibited by high intracellular calcium levels. In response to calcium levels, guanylyl cyclase synthesizes cGMP from GTP. cGMP keeps cGMP-gated channels open, allowing for the entry of calcium into the cell.〔Sakurai, K., Chen, J., and Kefalov, V. (2011). Role of guanylyl cylcase modulation in mouse cone phototransduction. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 7991-8000〕 Like cAMP, cGMP is an important second messenger that internalizes the message carried by intercellular messengers such as peptide hormones and NO, and can also function as an autocrine signal. Depending on cell type, it can drive adaptive/developmental changes requiring protein synthesis. In smooth muscle, cGMP is the signal for relaxation, and is coupled to many homeostatic mechanisms including regulation of vascular and airway tone, insulin secretion, and peristalsis. Once formed, cGMP can be degraded by phosphodiesterases, which themselves are under different forms of regulation, depending on the tissue.
==Reaction==
Guanylyl cyclase catalyzes the reaction of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and pyrophosphate:
Image:GTP chemical structure.png|GTP
Image:CGMP.png|cGMP
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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